bplist00╥._WebSubresources_WebMainResourceи#'╘	
_WebResourceResponse_WebResourceData^WebResourceURL_WebResourceMIMETypeOъbplist00╘
Y$archiverX$versionT$topX$objects_NSKeyedArchiver Жа╤	_WebResourceResponseАп!)/078<XYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijk7lmqtU$null▀ !"#$%&'(R$6S$10R$2S$13R$7R$3S$11R$8R$4S$14R$9R$0V$classR$5S$12R$1ААА #Aм╔!YЕ╘c<w #Aм╔!YO|А #Aм╔$╔;А╙*+!-.WNS.base[NS.relativeА АА_Nhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/ax/redesign_2005/default_news_2005.css╥1234X$classesZ$classnameг456UNSURLV%NSURLXNSObjectXtext/css╙9:;АА╚╙=>?KWZNS.objectsWNS.keysл@ABCDEFGHIJАААААААААААлLMNOPQRSTUVАА	А
АААААААААVServer]Last-Modified]Accept-Ranges]Cache-ControlTDate^Content-LengthWExpiresZConnectionTEtag\Content-TypeSAge_Apache/2.0.52 (Red Hat)_Thu, 13 Sep 2007 16:36:16 GMTUbytes[max-age=900_Tue, 26 Aug 2008 19:18:35 GMTU15479_Tue, 26 Aug 2008 19:33:35 GMTZKeep-Alive_"7c478-3c77-43a06efe7c000"S193╥12noгop6_NSMutableDictionary\NSDictionary╥12rsвs6_NSHTTPURLResponseInternal╥12uvгvw6_NSHTTPURLResponse]NSURLResponse    $ ) 2 D I L b d И О ▒ ┤ ╕ ╗ ┐ ┬ ┼ ╔ ╠ ╧ ╙ ╓ ┘ р у ч ъ ь ю Ё Є Ї ¤ '3579КПШгзн┤╜╞═╧╤╙┌хэ∙√¤ 	!#%')+-/13:HVdixАЛРЭб╗█сэ3>[_dh~ЛРУп┤╕╠             x              ┌O<w/* National Geographic News 12-2005 */
/* This stylesheet is broken up into these sections: 
- General Styles (including page layout)
- Widget Styles (related links, editor's picks, etc.)
- Navigation Styles (top nav, left nav)
- Advertising/Sponsorship (ads, sponsored links)
- Story Styles
- Gallery/Enlarge/PIN/VIN Styles
- Deprecated Styles
*/


/* General Styles ---------------------------------------------------- */

body {
    background-color: #fff;
    font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
    font-size: 12px;
    color:#000;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

TD {
/* text in TDs on some pages is huge, like 16px. This fixes. */
font-size: 12px;
}

.container, .galleryContainer {
/* holds the main body of the page. Change for liquid layouts. */
	padding-top: 0px;
	padding-bottom: 0px;
	margin: 0;
	width: 100%;
	background-color: #fff;
	text-align: left;
}


.galleryRelatedBox {
/* this is a float-right box in the extended captions of PIN, VIN, and photo galleries. */

	font-size: 11px;
	line-height: 13px;
	width: 172px;
	float: right;
	border: 1px solid #ccc;
	margin-left: 15px;
	margin-bottom: 12px;
	padding: 10px; 
	
}


/* primary link colors */

a {
	color:#004d99;
}

a:visited {}
a:active {}
a:hover {
	text-decoration: underline;
}

a:hover img, img a:hover{
	text-decoration: none;
}


.thumb {
/* applied to thumbnail IMG tags */
	border: 1px solid #ccc;
	padding: 2px;
	margin-right:8px;
}


.photo {
/* applied to photos (not thumbnails) */
	margin-bottom: 5px;
	border: 1px solid #000;
}


.pageHeaderWell {
/* top of story and category index pages; includes the breadcrumb */
	padding:0px 8px 0px 0px;
}

#worldMusicAd a:link	{ color: #044e8e; text-decoration: none; }
#worldMusicAd a:active	{ color: #000000; text-decoration: none; }
#worldMusicAd a:visited	{ color: #044e8e; text-decoration: none; }
#worldMusicAd a:hover	{ color: #044e8e; text-decoration: underline; }
#worldMusicAd .orangeTitle	{ font-size: 16px; color: #cc6600; font-weight: bold; }
#worldMusicAd .globalHeaderBlue12		{ font-size: 12px; color: #044e8e; font-weight: bold; }

.teaser2colLeft {
/* apply to left column of 2-column teaser box */
	margin-right: 15px;
	border-right: 1px solid #ccc;
	padding-right: 15px;
}


.inlinesubs {
	margin-bottom: 30px;
}


#storyInlineBox {
/* enlargeable photo, related links box that floats in story */
	font-size: 11px;
	line-height: 13px;
	width: 172px;
	float:left;
	border: 1px solid #ccc;
	margin-top: 3px;
	margin-right: 15px;
	margin-bottom: 15px;
	padding: 10px;
}

#storyInlineBox p {
	margin-top: 2px;
	margin-bottom: 4px
}

#storyInlineBox .caption, #storyInlineBox .section {
/* a section of the inline box. places rule below each section */
padding-bottom: 9px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
margin-bottom: 9px;

}

#storyInlineBox .caption {
/* caption below photo in inline box */
font-style: italic;
}


.breadCrumb {
	font-size: 11px;
	margin: 10px 10px 5px 22px;
}

.breadCrumbHigh { /* the most active link in the trail */
	font-weight:bold;
}


.centerContentWell,.galleryContentWell { 
	padding:0px 30px 0px 20px; 			
	/* border-right: 1px solid #DBD9CA; */
}


.date {
	font-size: 11px;
        margin-top: 10px;
	font-weight:normal;
	padding-bottom:5px;
	color: #000;
}


.rightContent, .galleryRightContent {
	margin-top:0px;
	margin-right: 15px;
	margin-left: 15px;
	
}

.rightContent {
width: 330px;
}


/* Widget styles ------------------------------------------------ */

.editorsPicks, .readersPicks { /* the container div */
/* top margin added 2005-12-12, kurtw */     
	margin-top: 10px;
	margin-bottom: 30px;
	margin-right: 15px;  /* padding for PC/NET, chuckychange */
}

.navPicks { /* picks in the top header bar */
	padding-top: 5px;
	padding-bottom: 5px;
	padding-right: 5px;
	
}

.navPicks, .navPicks a {
font-size: 11px;
}

.navPicks h3 {
	font-size: 11px;
	font-weight: bold;
	margin-bottom: 5px;
	margin-top: 0;
	color: #000;
}


.editorsPicks h1, h3, .readersPicks h1, h3, .navPicks h1, h3 { /* The title "Editor's Picks" */
	margin-top: 0px;
	font-size: 12px;
	padding-bottom:0px;
	margin-bottom:5px;
	font-weight: bold;
	

}

h4 {
	font-size:11px;
	font-weight:bold;
	color: #333;
	margin-bottom: 4px;
	margin-top: 0px;	
}


.Pick, .LastPick { /* the container for each pick */
	margin-bottom:15px;
}

.Pick p, .LastPick p {
	font-size:11px;
	margin-top:0px;
	font-weight:normal; /* made normal, 12-16-05, chuckychange */
	padding-bottom:0px;
	margin-bottom:0px;
	
}

/* bolded for IE by kurtw */
.Pick h1, .LastPick h1, .Pick h4, .LastPick h4  {
	font-size:12px;
	font-weight:normal;
	margin-bottom: 3px;
	margin-top: 0px;
}


/* bolded for IE by kurtw */
.LastPick {
	padding-bottom:2px;
	font-weight:bold;
} 


.PickRefer {
	/* Line for "More Videos in the News" link, "More Photos in the News", etc. */
	margin-top: 0px;
	font-weight: bold;
	margin-bottom: 15px;
}

.boxHeader {
	font-size:12px;
	font-weight:bold;
	margin-bottom: 5px;
}

.boxHeader_nomargin { /* needed for places where TOP MOST POP go with NEWS FEEDS, chuckychange */
	font-size:12px;
	font-weight:bold;
	margin-top: 10px;
	margin-bottom: 0px;
	line-height: 14px;
}


.boxContent {
	margin-left: 0px;
	padding-left: 0px;
	margin-top: 0px;
	list-style-type: none;
	font-weight: normal;
	line-height: 14px;
}

.boxContent p {
	font-size:12px;
	margin-top: 0px;
	margin-bottom: 8px;
	
}

.boxContent a {
	font-weight:normal;
}

.boxContent ul {
	margin-top:0;
	padding-top:0;
	padding-bottom:0;
	margin-bottom:0;
  	display: block;
 	margin-left: 0px;
	list-style-type:none;
}

.boxContent li {
 	padding-bottom:4px;
	padding-top:4px;
}

.tool, img.tool, .photoGalleryImage .tool { /* for icons. style to IMG tag */
	padding-right:5px;
	vertical-align:text-top;
	border: none;
}

/* Navigation Styles -------------------------------------------- */

.header { /* news global header */
	background: #fff;
	/* height 80px removed to fix bug, chuckychange */
	border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
	padding-left: 12px;
	padding-top: 4px;
}

.ngGlobalHeader, .ngGlobalFooter { /* nationalgeographic.com global header/footer */
	background: #000;
	padding-left: 6px;
	padding-right: 6px;
}

/* The left navigation is based on a simple unordered list. */

.newsNavColumn { /* for entire column. set left nav width here */
	background-color:#edebe1;
	border-right: 1px solid #DBD9CA;
	width: 145px;
	font-size: 11px;
	margin: 0;
	padding: 0;
}

.newsNav {
/* for part of left nav column that's the actual navigation */
background: #f5f6f9 url(/news/images/global2005/background-leftnav.gif) right repeat-y;
display: block;
margin-top: 0px;
}

ul.newsNav, .newsNav li, .newsNavColumn ul {
	list-style-type: none;
	display: inline;
	padding: 0;
	margin: 0;

}

.newsNav a {
	color: #004080;
	display: block;
	border-bottom: 1px solid #cfcfcf;
	border-top: 1px solid #fff;
	text-decoration: none;
	padding: 4px 4px 5px 12px;

}

.newsNav a:hover {
	text-decoration: underline; 
}

ul.newsNav { /* space at the bottom of the top left nav */
	margin-bottom: 8px;
}

.newsNavItem { /* container for an item in the left nav, below the actual global navigation */
	border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
	padding-bottom: 20px;
	padding-top: 20px;
}

.newsNavItem h4 { /* the title of a left nav item */
	color: #333;
	font-weight:bold;
	padding: 0px 8px 3px 12px;	
}

.newsNavSpacer { /* places space between nav items and store item */
	height: 20px;
}

.newsNavColumn p {
	margin: 3px 5px 3px 12px; 
}

/* Advertising Styles ----------------------------------------------------------- */

.sponsor {
	margin-bottom: 20px;
}

.sponsor TD {
	font-size: 11px;
	text-align: left;
}

.sponsor IMG {
	float: right;
	margin-left: 8px;
}


.sponsoredLinks {
	margin-bottom: 15px;
}


.boxAd {
	margin-top:4px;
	margin-bottom:30px;
}


.boxAd h4, .boxAd div {
	margin-top: 0;
	margin-bottom: 2px;
	font-weight: normal;
	font-size:10px;
	color: #444;
}


.ad {
/* container for leaderboard at top of page */
	padding: 6px 0px 3px 0px;
	margin-bottom:4px;
}

.skyscraperAd {
	margin: 0px 10px 15px 0px;
	font-size:10px;
	font-weight: bold;
	color: #444;

}

/* Story Styles --------------------------------------------- */

.story, .enlargePhotoPage { /* general story text */
	font-size: 13px;
	line-height: 16px;
}

/* bolded for IE by kurtw */
.story h1, .storyhead, h1 { /* story headline */
	font-size: 24px;
	font-weight: bold;
	color: #000;
	margin-top:0px;
	margin-bottom:8px;
	line-height:1.2em;
}


.intro {
	font-size:15px;
	font-weight:normal;
	font-style:normal;
	line-height:1.3em;
	color:#343434;
	margin-top:10px;
}


.inlinedate { /* currently, both "National Geographic News" and the story date are classed this */
	font-weight:normal;
	color: #666666;
	font-style: normal;
}


.captionContainer { /* deprecated: holds the caption in the regular-sized photo */
	padding-left:8px;
	padding-right:8px;
	padding-top:4px;
	border-top: 1px solid #999;
	font-size:11px;
	margin-top:0px;
	line-height:12px;
        background: #fff;
}


.splitnav { /* container for "<< previous page" in story body */
	font-size: 13px;
	font-weight:bold;

}

.splitnavR, .cont {
/* container for "next page >>" in story body */
    font-size: 13px;
    font-weight: bold;
    text-align: right;
	margin-bottom: 25px;
}

/* Category/Index Page Styles ------------------------------------------ */

.topStoryCaption { /* Photo caption in the topmost story on aggregate pages */
	padding-top:5px;
	font-size:9px;
	font-style:italic;
}

.topStory { /* topmost story on aggregate pages */
	margin-top:1px;
	padding-top:0px;
	margin-bottom:6px;
}

.topStory p {
	margin-top:0px;
	padding-top:0px;
	font-size:14px;
	line-height: 17px;
}

.topStory h1 {
	margin-top:0px;
	font-size: 20px;
	font-weight: bold;
	padding-bottom:2px;
}

.topStory h2 {
	margin-top:0px;
	font-size: 20px;
	font-weight: bold;
	padding-bottom:2px;
}

.moreTopStories p {
	font-size:13px;
	margin-top:0px;
	margin-bottom:0px;
	line-height: 16px;
}


/* bolded for IE by kurtw */
.moreTopStories h1, .moreTopStories h3, .catpageHeadline {
	margin-top:12px;
	font-size: 16px;
	font-weight: normal; /* 12.16.05 made normal, chuckychange */
        text-decoration:none;
	padding-top:18px;
	margin-bottom:3px;
	border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
}

.categorizedStories {
	padding-top:0px;
	margin-top: 7px;
        /* disabled, chuckychange */
	/* border-top: 1px solid #ddd; */
}

.categorizedStories ul {
  	display:block;
	font-size:12px;
	margin-top:0px;
	margin-bottom:0px;
	margin-left:15px;
	padding-left: 9px;
	padding-top:0px;
 	list-style-image: url(/news/images/global2005/listMarker.gif);
}

.categorizedStories li {
	padding-left: 0px;
 	margin-left:0px;
 	padding-bottom:8px;
}

.categorizedStories h1, .categorizedStories h3 {
	font-size: 16px;
	font-weight: bold;
	color:#000000;
	margin-top:10px;
	margin-bottom:10px;
	padding-bottom:0px;
	padding-top:14px;
	border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
}

.categorizedStories h1 a:hover, .categorizedStories h3 a:hover {
	text-decoration:underline;
}

.categorizedStories h1 a, .categorizedStories h3 a {
	text-decoration:none;
	color: #000000;
}

.categoryTitle {
	font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
	font-size: 26px;
	font-weight:bold;
	padding-top:5px;
	padding-bottom:0px;
}

.categoryTopStory {
	margin-top:15px;
	padding-top:0px;
	margin-bottom:10px;
}

.categoryTopStory p {
	font-size:14px;
}

.categoryTopStory h1 {
	margin-top:0px;
	font-size: 16px;
	font-weight: bold;
	padding-bottom:2px;
}

.bottomLinks { /* numbered list of pages at the bottom of category aggregate pages */
	font-size:14px;
	margin-top:30px;
	margin-bottom:10px;
}

.SideBarHeader {
	color: #FFFFFF;
	font-size:11px;
	font-weight:bold;
	padding-left:5px;
	padding-top:5px;
	padding-bottom:5px;
	display: block;
	background: #993300;
	border:1px solid #000;
	
}

.sideBar {
	font-size:12px;
	padding-left: 10px;
	padding-right: 10px;
	padding-top:2px;
	margin-top:0px;
	padding-top:10px;
	padding-bottom:5px;
	margin-bottom: 15px;
	border-left:1px solid #999;
	border-right:1px solid #999;
	border-bottom:1px solid #999;
	display: block;
	background: #FFFFFF;
	font-style:normal;
}


.sideBar h1 {
	font-size:16px;
}

.sideBar p {
	font-size:12px;
	line-height:18px;
}

.sideBar a {
	font-weight:bold;
}

/* Photo Gallery, Photo In the News, Video in the News Styles ------------------------ */

.photoInNews {
	border: 1px solid #666;
	margin-right:8px;
	margin-bottom:5px;
}

.photoGalleryImage {
	text-align:center;
	margin-top:0px;
	margin-right: 0px; /* so that in mac/ie there is a buffer btwn the image and the ad, chuckychange */
	margin-bottom:0px;
	padding: 0px;
	
}

.photoGalleryImage IMG {
	padding: 2px;
	border: 1px solid #000;
	background-color: #fff;
}

.photoGalleryCaption {
	font-size: 12px;
	line-height: 16px;
	text-align:left;
	margin-top: 20px;
}


.photoGalleryCredit {
	font-size:11px;
	font-style:italic;
	margin-bottom: 25px;
	margin-top: 12px;
}

.galleryThumb img {
	text-align:center;
	margin-left:15px;
	border: 1px solid #ccc;
	margin-bottom:10px;
	padding: 2px;
}

.galleryThumbHigh {
/* currently active image */
	margin-left:0px;
	padding-left:15px;
	margin-bottom:10px;
}

.galleryThumbHigh img {
	border: 2px solid #000;
}

.galleryThumbColumn {
/* column for long line of thumbnails */
	margin-top: 3px;
	text-align: right;
	margin-left: 5px;
}

.enlargePhotoPageTitle {
/* page title for the "Enlarge Photo" page */
	font-size:20px;
	margin-top: 5px;
	margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.galleryThumbRefer {
/* "More News Photos" link at bottom of line of thumbnails */
width: 45px;
margin-left: 15px;
font-size: 11px;
text-align: center;

}


/* Deprecated Styles ---------------------------------------------- */


.rightSideSearch {
	font-size:13px;
	margin-top:35px;
	margin-bottom:0;
}

.legacyPhoto {
	display: block;  
	text-align:center;
	font-size:11px;    
	margin-bottom: 15px;
	padding:8px 0px 0px 0px;
        border:1px solid #999; 
	background: #edebe1;
}

.legacyPhoto img {
	margin-left:8px;
	margin-bottom:0px;
	padding-bottom:8px;
}

.legacyPhoto div {
        background:#fff;
	margin-top:0px;
	padding-top:8px;
	margin-bottom:0px;
	padding-left:8px;
	padding-bottom:8px;
	padding-right:8px;
}


.subscribe {
/* for subscriptions ad in right col */
	display: block;
	/*if align left comment out text-align:center below */
	text-align:center; 
	font-size:11px;
	margin-bottom: 15px;
	/*border:1px solid #999;*/
	background:#FFFFFF;
	/* if backgrond image comment out above background and link to image here
	background: #f2f1eb url(http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/images/leftnav_background.gif) top left repeat-y;
	*/
}

.VINboxAd {
	margin-top:4px;
	margin-bottom:15px;
	margin-right:15px;
	font-size:11px;
	text-align:center;
}


.vinContentWell {
	width:400px;
	margin:0px 15px 20px;
}

.vinAdWell {
	width:340px;
	margin:0px 5px 20px;
}

.vinVideo {/* border around vin video boz, chuckychange */
	border-right: 1px solid #000;
	border-top: 1px solid #000; 
	border-bottom: 1px solid #000; 
	border-left: 1px solid #000;
}

/* These names are terrible, people! Give your styles SEMANTIC or PRESENTATIONAL names! */


.exxon {
 font-family: arial, Verdana, sans-serif;
   font-size: 10px;
 font-weight: bold;
       color: #CD3829;
text-decoration: none;
}

.philips {
	font-size: 11px;
	font-weight:bold;
	padding-bottom:5px;
    /* color:#005DFF; */
    color:#000000;
}

.paul {
    padding-bottom:10px;
    padding-top:5px;
	font-size: 10px;
	padding-bottom:5px;
    color:#000000;
}


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Y$archiverX$versionT$topX$objects_NSKeyedArchiver Жа╤	_WebResourceResponseАп!)/078<XYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijk7lmqtU$null▀ !"#$%&'(R$6S$10R$2S$13R$7R$3S$11R$8R$4S$14R$9R$0V$classR$5S$12R$1ААА #Aм╔#АщZK$ #Aм╔#А&пА #Aм╔*mХ╠dА╙*+!-.WNS.base[NS.relativeА АА_Hhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/images/printer_friendly_news_logo.gif╥1234X$classesZ$classnameг456UNSURLV%NSURLXNSObjectYimage/gif╙9:;АА╚╙=>?KWZNS.objectsWNS.keysл@ABCDEFGHIJАААААААААААлLMNOPQRSTUVАА	А
АААААААААVServer]Last-Modified]Accept-Ranges]Cache-ControlTDate^Content-LengthWExpiresZConnectionTEtag\Content-TypeSAge_Apache/2.0.52 (Red Hat)_Fri, 11 Apr 2008 15:44:32 GMTUbytes[max-age=900_Tue, 26 Aug 2008 19:32:03 GMTT4132_Tue, 26 Aug 2008 19:47:03 GMTZKeep-Alive_"681cde-1024-44a9acf689800"R13╥12noгop6_NSMutableDictionary\NSDictionary╥12rsвs6_NSHTTPURLResponseInternal╥12uvгvw6_NSHTTPURLResponse]NSURLResponse    $ ) 2 D I L b d И О ▒ ┤ ╕ ╗ ┐ ┬ ┼ ╔ ╠ ╧ ╙ ╓ ┘ р у ч ъ ь ю Ё Є Ї ¤ '3579ДЙТЭбзо╖┴╚╩╠╬╒ршЇЎ°·№■ 
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 ╗╣ЦЁА uИз{ЙФuHпцXм╖jлю°АА░Pz*iЮи ░п╩7Г█жнЧgжw╣ОЁ┌ ЄъЯЛYGHЕРаК╣пф(о}╫оG ЛС╖Хz}е|kйЪЙ8Ч0щ}┘щ{Ppб  FкС`Т С╪}Ч╡I╗|	┌А4█БBШе ШK+АANKЗYzG╗ДG+┤МH│├I~аz╡╩╪|@▒∙wЕ*ЛV┤йc╪{/ZM╡ЦЗQkMйА╖6xA  ;_Hhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/images/printer_friendly_news_logo.gifYimage/gif╘Oчbplist00╘
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АААААААААVServer]Last-Modified]Accept-Ranges]Cache-ControlTDate^Content-LengthWExpiresZConnectionTEtag\Content-TypeSAge_Apache/2.0.52 (Red Hat)_Wed, 13 Aug 2008 18:02:09 GMTUbytes[max-age=900_Tue, 26 Aug 2008 19:22:11 GMTU52380_Tue, 26 Aug 2008 19:37:11 GMTZKeep-Alive_"6cc006-cc9c-4545b2fe2ea40"R17╥12noгop6_NSMutableDictionary\NSDictionary╥12rsвs6_NSHTTPURLResponseInternal╥12uvгvw6_NSHTTPURLResponse]NSURLResponse    $ ) 2 D I L b d И О ▒ ┤ ╕ ╗ ┐ ┬ ┼ ╔ ╠ ╧ ╙ ╓ ┘ р у ч ъ ь ю Ё Є Ї ¤ '3579uzГОТШЯи├╩╠╬╨╫тъЎ°·№■ 
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0;Y\ae{ИНРм▒╡╔             x              ╫O╠Ь// sprops 5-9 are for the level 1-5 site sections of a content group
var s_prop5="";
var s_prop6="";
var s_prop7="";
var s_prop8="";
var s_prop9="";

// begin ngm integration
var s_prop27	= "";
var s_prop28	= "";
var s_prop29	= "";
//end ngm integration

function getSiteSections (contentGroup) {
	
	var arr = contentGroup.split("|");
	
	for (var i=0; i<arr.length; i++) {
		var t = arr[i];
		
		if (i == 0){
			s_prop5 = t;
		}
		else if (i==1){
			s_prop6 = s_prop5 + "|" + t;
		}
		else if (i==2){
			s_prop7 = s_prop6 + "|" + t;
		}
		else if (i==3){
			s_prop8 = s_prop7 + "|" + t;
		}
		else if (i==4){
			s_prop9 = s_prop8 + "|" + t;
		}				
	}
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// * _getQueryStringFormatParamValue(queryStringFormat, paramName)
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// pageName may contain query string name/value pairs name1=value1&name2=value2
// use this function to get the value for a specific name
function _getQueryStringFormatParamValue(queryStringFormat, paramName) {
		var paramValue = "";
		var pairs = queryStringFormat.split("&");
	     
			for (var i=0;i<pairs.length;i++){
				var pos = pairs[i].indexOf('=');
				if (pos >= 0){
					var name = pairs[i].substring(0,pos);
					var value = pairs[i].substring(pos+1);
					
					if (name == paramName){
						paramValue = value;
						break;
					} 			
				}
			}
			
	return paramValue;
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// * ngsAdvertisingRefresh
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// if you want ads to be refreshable OOTB then name the iframe with prefix "ngsAdvertisingRefreshFrame"
// e.g. <iframe name="ngsAdvertisingRefreshFrame1" ....
function ngsAdvertisingRefresh(){

	var frameIndex = 0;
	var myFrames = document.getElementsByTagName('iframe');

	var randParamStr="ngsAdvertisingRefreshRand=";

	while (frameIndex < myFrames.length){

		var myFrame = myFrames[frameIndex];
	  //alert('refreshing ad frame: ' + myFrame.name);
		if (myFrame.name.indexOf("ngsAdvertisingRefreshFrame") == 0){
			var frameSrc = myFrames[frameIndex].src;

			var rand;
			if (typeof rand == 'undefined') {
				rand = Math.floor(1000000*Math.random());
			}
			//alert('frameSrc before: ' + frameSrc);

			// change the url to prevent caching
			randParamStrIndex = frameSrc.indexOf(randParamStr);
			if (randParamStrIndex == -1){
				if (frameSrc.indexOf('?') == -1){
					frameSrc = frameSrc + '?' + randParamStr + rand; 
				}
				else{
					frameSrc = frameSrc  + '&' +  randParamStr + rand; 
				}
			}
			else{
				frameSrc = frameSrc.substring(0,randParamStrIndex) + randParamStr + rand; 
			}
			//alert('frameSrc after: ' + frameSrc);

			myFrames[frameIndex].src = frameSrc;
		}
		frameIndex++;
	}
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// * _pageNameFilterVideoPlayer
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
function _pageNameFilterVideoPlayer(pageName) {

	var videoPlayerPrefix = "/video/player";
	
	var cat1index = pageName.indexOf(videoPlayerPrefix);
	if (cat1index == -1){
		return;
	}
	
	// get to index after the prefix
	cat1index += videoPlayerPrefix.length;
	
	// videoPlayerPath contains the string after .../video/player
	var videoPlayerPath = pageName.substr(cat1index);
	
	var c1 = "";
	var c2 = "";
	var c3 = "";
	var video = "";
	
	// filename == directory or plain file	
  var filenames = videoPlayerPath.split("/");
     
  // the last entry is the plain file aka video name, all other entries are the cat1-cat3
  var i=0;
  var nodeIndex = 0; // only use directories other than "" (which would happen if there was // or even the leading /
  while (i<filenames.length){
  	if (filenames[i] == ''){
  		i++;
  		continue;
  	}
	
		if (nodeIndex == 0){
			// level 1 cat
			c1 = filenames[i];
		}
		else if ((nodeIndex == 1) && (i < filenames.length)){
			// level 2 cat
			c2 = filenames[i];
		}
		else if (nodeIndex == 2){
			// level 3 cat or video
			if (i < filenames.length-1){
				c3 = filenames[i];
			}
			else{
				video = filenames[i];
			}
		}		
		else{
			// assumes only 2 or 3 levels of categories
			video = filenames[i];
		}
		i++;
		nodeIndex++;
	}// end while		
	
	// trim any .html from the video filename
	var extIndex = video.indexOf(".html");
	if (extIndex != -1){
		video = video.substring(0,extIndex);
	}
	//alert('c1:' + c1 + '\nc2:' + c2 + '\nc3:' + c3 + '\nvideo:' + video + '\n');
	
// video would be "" if coming in to a cat 1 level url like /video/player/animals
// only want to set these evars and sprops if a video will be played
	if (video != ""){
		s_eVar7 = c1;
		s_prop13 = c1;
		
		s_eVar8 = c2;
		s_prop14 = c2;
		
		s_eVar9 = c3;
		s_prop15 = c3;
		
		s_eVar6 = video;
		s_prop12 = video;

		// only set event4 if video was viewed
		_ngsAddToEventsList("event4");
		//s_events="event4";
	}
	
	return pageName;
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// * _pageNameFilterChannel
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
function _pageNameFilterChannel(pageName) {

	// no change to page name at this time
	// query string map contain mappings  we want to make between the request and omniture variables
	_ngsFilterChannelMapping(window.location.search);

	return pageName;
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// * _pageNameFilter
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
function _pageNameFilter(pageName) {
	
	// depending on the path set different omniture variables
	if (pageName.indexOf('/video/player') == 0){
		
		if ((pageName.indexOf('/video/player/animals.html') == 0)||
				(pageName.indexOf('/video/player/environment.html') == 0)||
				(pageName.indexOf('/video/player/featured-videos.html') == 0)||
				(pageName.indexOf('/video/player/kids.html') == 0)||
				(pageName.indexOf('/video/player/people-and-places.html') == 0)||
				(pageName.indexOf('/video/player/world-music.html') == 0)){
				// do nothing
			}
		else{
			pageName = _pageNameFilterVideoPlayer(pageName);
		}
	}
	else 	if ((window.location.hostname.indexOf("channel.") == 0) || (pageName.indexOf('/channel') == 0)){
	//else 	if (pageName.indexOf('/channel') == 0){
		pageName = _pageNameFilterChannel(pageName);
	}	
	
	return pageName;
}


// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// * _ngsPageViewFilter
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// optionally do something with the pageView data depending on the site
//
function _ngsPageViewFilter(pageName, separator) {
	
	var pathname = window.location.pathname;
	
	if (typeof ngs_furl != "undefined") { 
		pathname = ngs_furl; 
	}	
	
	// depending on the path set different omniture variables
	if (pathname.indexOf('/video/player') == 0){
		
		if ((pathname.indexOf('/video/player/animals.html') == 0)||
				(pathname.indexOf('/video/player/environment.html') == 0)||
				(pathname.indexOf('/video/player/featured-videos.html') == 0)||
				(pathname.indexOf('/video/player/kids.html') == 0)||
				(pathname.indexOf('/video/player/people-and-places.html') == 0)||
				(pathname.indexOf('/video/player/world-music.html') == 0)){
				// do nothing
			}
		else{
			_ngsPageViewFilterVideoPlayer(pageName, separator);
		}
	}
	else if (pathname.indexOf('/channel') == 0){
		_ngsPageViewFilterChannel(pageName, separator);
	}			
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// * _ngsPageViewFilterVideoPlayer
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
function _ngsPageViewFilterVideoPlayer(pageName, separator) {
	
		// parse the pageName which is of the format
		// c1=foo&c2=bar&c3=blah&video=doh
		var c1 = "";
		var c2 = "";
		var c3 = "";
		var video = "";
		
  	var pairs = pageName.split("&");
     
		for (var i=0;i<pairs.length;i++){
			var pos = pairs[i].indexOf('=');
			if (pos >= 0){
				var name = pairs[i].substring(0,pos);
				var value = pairs[i].substring(pos+1);
				
				//c1 goes in evar7 and sprop13
				if (name == 'c1'){
					c1 = value;
				} 
				//c2 goes in evar8 and sprop14
				else if (name == 'c2'){
					c2 = value;
				}
				//c3 goes in evar9 and sprop15
				else if (name == 'c3'){
					c3 = value;
				}
				//video goes in evar6 and sprop12
				else if (name == 'video'){
					video = value;
				}      
				
			} // end if pos >= 0
		}// end for		
		
		// reinitialize these since only want to set if video is played
		s_eVar7 = "";
		s_prop13 = "";
		
		s_eVar8 = "";
		s_prop14 = "";
		
		s_eVar9 = "";
		s_prop15 = "";
		
		s_eVar6 = "";
		s_prop12 = "";
		
		if (video != ""){
			s_eVar7 = c1;
			s_prop13 = c1;
	
			s_eVar8 = c2;
			s_prop14 = c2;
	
			s_eVar9 = c3;
			s_prop15 = c3;
	
			s_eVar6 = video;
			s_prop12 = video;
		}
		
		// only set event4 if video was viewed
		if (video != ""){
			//s_events="event4";
			_ngsAddToEventsList("event4");
		}

		// shorten the page name from the seo long one to be
		// foo.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/|<separator>=<pageName>
		//var hostname = window.location.hostname;
		//s_pageName = "http://" + hostname + "/video/player/|" + separator + "=" + pageName;
		
		//recontruct the friendly url
		var videoPath = "/video/player";
		if (c1 != ""){
			videoPath = videoPath + "/" + c1;
			
			if (c2 != ""){
				videoPath = videoPath + "/" + c2;		
				
				if (c3 != ""){
					videoPath = videoPath + "/" + c3;
							
					if (video != ""){
						// c3 video page
						videoPath = videoPath + "/" + video + ".html";
					}
					else{
						// c3 category page
						videoPath = videoPath + "/index.html";
					}
				}
				else{		
					if (video != ""){
						// c2 video page
						videoPath = videoPath + "/" + video + ".html";
					}	
					else{
						// c2 category page
						videoPath = videoPath + "/index.html";
					}		
				} // end c3
			}
			else{
				// c1 category page
				videoPath = videoPath + "/index.html";
			}	// end c2
		} // end c1

		s_pageName = videoPath;
	}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// * _ngsFilterChannelMapping
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// queryStringFormat is of format name=value&name=value
// map these values to omniture variables
function _ngsFilterChannelMapping(queryStringFormat) {
	
		var pathname = window.location.pathname;
		if (typeof ngs_furl != "undefined") { 
			pathname = ngs_furl; 
		}	
	
		var channelPrefix = "/channel";
		
		var channelSchedule = "/tv-schedule";
		var channelSeries = "/series";
		var channelEpisode = "/episode";
		
		var channelScheduleWithPrefix = channelPrefix + "/tv-schedule";
		var channelSeriesWithPrefix = channelPrefix + "/series";
		var channelEpisodeWithPrefix = channelPrefix + "/episode";

		// re-initialize
		s_prop23="";
		s_prop22="";
		s_prop21="";

	// depending on the path set different omniture variables
		if ((pathname.indexOf(channelSchedule) == 0)||(pathname.indexOf(channelScheduleWithPrefix))){
			
			// parse the pageName which is of the format...
			// ngsPageView("showname=<showname>&theme=<theme>")
			// ngsPageView("episodename=<episodename>&theme=<theme>")
			//
			var showname = _getQueryStringFormatParamValue(queryStringFormat,'showname');
			var episodename = _getQueryStringFormatParamValue(queryStringFormat,'episodename');
			var theme = _getQueryStringFormatParamValue(queryStringFormat,'theme');

			if (theme != ""){
				s_prop23 = theme;
			}
			if (showname != ""){
				s_hier1 = s_hier1 + "|" + showname;
			}			
			if (episodename != ""){
				s_hier1 = s_hier1 + "|" + episodename;
			}				
		} // end if (pathname.indexOf('channelSchedule') == 0){
		//else if ((pathname.indexOf(channelSeries) == 0)||(pathname.indexOf(channelEpisode) == 0)){
		else	if (((pathname.indexOf(channelSeries) == 0)||(pathname.indexOf(channelSeriesWithPrefix))) ||
							((pathname.indexOf(channelEpisode) == 0)||(pathname.indexOf(channelEpisodeWithPrefix))))
			{

	
			// parse the queryStringFormat which is of the format...
			// ngsPageView("episode=<episode>&tab=<tab>&asset=<asset>&episodename=<episodename>&theme=<theme>")
			// 
			//unused var episode = _getQueryStringFormatParamValue(queryString,'episode');
			var episodename = _getQueryStringFormatParamValue(queryStringFormat,'episodename');
			var tab = _getQueryStringFormatParamValue(queryStringFormat,'tab');
			//unused var asset = _getQueryStringFormatParamValue(queryStringFormat,'asset');
			var theme = _getQueryStringFormatParamValue(queryStringFormat,'theme');
					
			s_prop23 = theme; 														// e.g. "science_technology"
			s_prop22 = tab;																// e.g. "video" 
			
			if (episodename != ""){
				s_hier1 = s_hier1 + "|" + episodename;
			}
			if (tab != ""){
				s_hier1 = s_hier1 + "|" + tab;
			}
			
	//		if ((episodename != "") && (tab != "")){
	//			s_hier1 = s_hier1 + "|" + episodename + "|" + tab; 	// e.g. "NGC|Show|dogwhisperer|" + episodename + "|" + tab
	//		}
		} // end if ((pathname.indexOf(channelSeries) == 0)||(pathname.indexOf(channelEpisode) == 0)){

		// for all pages..
		// parse the queryStringFormat which may contain flyout menu selection info...
		// ngsPageView("ngcflyout=<ngcflyout>"); // e.g. "ngcflyout=shows"
		// 
		var flyout = _getQueryStringFormatParamValue(queryStringFormat,'flyout');
		if (flyout != ""){
			s_prop21 = flyout;
		}
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// * _ngsPageViewFilterChannel
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
function _ngsPageViewFilterChannel(pageName, separator) {
	
			
	// pageName is in qs format for ngc application
	_ngsFilterChannelMapping(pageName)
	}
	
function _ngsAddToEventsList(eventName){
	if (typeof s_events != "undefined") { 
		//if it's there don't add it again
		if (s_events.indexOf(eventName) == -1){
			s_events = s_events + "," + eventName;	
		}
	}
}

function _ngsInitializeEventsList(){
	s_events = "event5";
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//	*** begin generic function wrappers ***
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// if omniture goes away, then need to keep these functions defined for the flash files
// that call them to still work. So, either comment out the function bodies or call the
// equivalent function in the new web analytics package
function ngsPageView(pageName,separator){
	
	// use this function in those cases where the click should count as a page view
	
	// pageName	- the identifier for the simulated pageview. No spaces. FormatThePageNameLikeThis.
	
	// separator - optional - used in the reported pagename and content hierarchy.
	// Defaults to "Flash," but this function can get used by other media, so it's changeable here.
	
	// if neither the pageName nor the separator are defined, the parent HTML page is simply given another pageview count, without any modifiers at all.
	
	if (ngsTrackingEnabled) {
		var blankpage = (typeof pageName == "undefined" && typeof separator == "undefined") ? true : false;
		
		if (typeof pageName == "undefined") var pageName = "UnnamedEvent";	
	
		if (typeof separator == "undefined") var separator = "Flash";
		
		
		if (blankpage == false) {
		
			s_hier1 = s_originalHier1 + (separator ? "|" + separator : "");
			s_pageName = s_originalPageName + (pageName ? ("|" + separator + (separator ? "=" : "") + pageName) : "");
		
		} else { // reset to default values if no data specified, count it as a straight HTML pageview
			
			s_hier1 = s_originalHier1;
			s_pageName = s_originalPageName;
			
		}
		_ngsInitializeEventsList();
		
		_ngsPageViewFilter(pageName, separator);
		
		// trigger event5 for flash/ajax pageviews
		//s_events="event5"; (done above in intialize)
			
		sendAnalyticsEvent();	
		
		// alert ("s_hier1="+s_hier1+"\ns_pagename="+s_pageName);
	}
	
	// if there are refreshable ads on a page then refresh them
	ngsAdvertisingRefresh();
}


function _ngsCustomEventFilterChannel(eventName,type,separator){
	var pathname = window.location.pathname;
	if (typeof ngs_furl != "undefined") { 
		pathname = ngs_furl; 
	}	
	
	// re-initialize
	s_prop24="";
	s_prop21="";
	
	// pass the ngc-formatted event name to ngsCustomEvent. e.g. ngsCustomEvent("dl=main_DL1"). 
	// Will add an ngc event filter in ngsCustomEvent which will use the passed value to set sprop24.
	var dl = _getQueryStringFormatParamValue(eventName,'dl');
	if (dl != ""){
		s_prop24 = dl;
	}

	var dropdown = _getQueryStringFormatParamValue(eventName,'dropdown');	
	if (dropdown != ""){
		s_prop21 = dropdown;
	}	
}

function _ngsCustomEventFilter(eventName,type,separator){
	var pathname = window.location.pathname;
	
	if (typeof ngs_furl != "undefined") { 
		pathname = ngs_furl; 
	}		
	
	// depending on the path set different omniture variables
	if (pathname.indexOf('/channel') == 0){
		_ngsCustomEventFilterChannel(eventName,type,separator);
	}
}
function ngsCustomEvent(eventName,type,separator){
	// use this function in those cases where the click does not count as a page view
	
	// eventName - used to create a custom link name by combining it
	// with the content group value: 
	// e.g. eventName = s_hier1 + separator (defaults to "Flash") + eventName					
	
	// type (optional) valid values: "custom_event", "file_download", "exit_link"	
	
	// separator (optional) - used in the link event name. Defaults to "Flash,"
	// but this function can get used by other media, so it's changeable here.
	
	
	// reset these sprops/evars as they have special use for page views
	// and they don't have meaning for custom events
	s_eVar7 = "";
	s_prop13 = "";

	s_eVar8 = "";
	s_prop14 = "";

	s_eVar9 = "";
	s_prop15 = "";

	s_eVar6 = "";
	s_prop12 = "";
	
	
	if (ngsTrackingEnabled) {
		
		// apply filter before massaging eventName with pathname info (pathname is useful in event report to give context)
			_ngsCustomEventFilter(eventName,type,separator);

		if (typeof separator == "undefined") var separator = "Flash";
		var eventName = eventName || "UnnamedEvent";
		
		//eventName = s_originalPageName + "?" + separator + "=" + eventName;
		var pathname = window.location.pathname;
		eventName = pathname + "?" + separator + "=" + eventName;
		
		//    map linkType to omniture list: o: Custom Links
		//									 d: File Downloads report
		//									 e: exit links report
		//
		
		if (typeof type != "undefined"){
		
			if (type == "custom_event" || "o"){
				type = 'o';
			}
			else if (type == "file_download" || "d"){
				type = 'd';
			}
			else if (type == "exit_link" || "e"){
				type = 'e';
			}		
			else {
				type = 'o';
			}
			
		}	else {
				var type = 'o';
			}
		
		// alert ("eventName="+eventName+"\ntype="+type);
	

		sendLinkEvent("",eventName,type);
	
	}
}


function ngsProcessPathname (t) {
	// used to make pagenames in the Omniture style (no index.htm/l, no trailing slash)
	
	if (typeof t == "undefined" || !t ) return;

	var tin = t.lastIndexOf("/index.htm");
	
	if (tin > -1 && tin + 12 > t.length) { t = t.substring(0,tin); }
	// if the location of index.htm(l) is at the end of the pathname (fewer than 12 characters from the end), strip it out. Otherwise the pathname might have a query string, like index.html?foo=bar, so it should stay as is.

	var tl = t.length;
	
	t = (t.charAt(tl-1) == "/") ? t.substring(0,tl-1) : t; // strip trailing slash

	//Strip ?fs/source/email=XXXXX from urls
	var qsIndex = t.indexOf("?");
	var newqs = "";
	if (qsIndex != -1){
		var qs = t.substr(qsIndex+1);

		var pairs = qs.split("&");
	     
	  //alert('pairs: ' + pairs);
		for (var i=0;i<pairs.length;i++){
			var pos = pairs[i].indexOf('=');
			if (pos >= 0){
				var name = pairs[i].substring(0,pos);
				var value = pairs[i].substring(pos+1);
				
				if ((name != "fs") && (name != "source") && (name != "email")){
					newqs = newqs + pairs[i] + "&";
				}
			}
			else{
				newqs = newqs + pairs[i] + "&";
			}
		}	
		t = t.substring(0,qsIndex+1);
		t = t + newqs;
	}

	return t;
}


function checkStartOf (string,params) {
	// params should be a comma-separated list. This functions checks if any of the params
	// are at the start of the string. If so, returns true; otherwise false.

	var arr = params.split(",");
	var stringCheck = false;
	
	for (var i=0; i<arr.length; i++) {
		var t = arr[i];
		if (string.indexOf(t) == 0) {
			stringCheck = true;
			break;
		}	
	}

	return stringCheck;
}


// om_parseQuery and om_parseGoogle are used to parse the Google search terms from a URL.

function om_parseQuery(str,q) { // gets value of q from str
  
		 var sPos = str.indexOf(q + "=")
    
    if (sPos > -1) {
        sPos = sPos + q.length + 1;
        var ePos = str.indexOf("&",sPos);
        if (ePos == -1) { ePos = str.length; }
		 		 var result = str.substring(sPos,ePos);
        return unescape(result.replace(/\+/g," ")); // strip out plus signs
      }
     else {
      		 return "";
		  }
}

function om_parseGoogle (queryStr) {

		 		 var q = om_parseQuery (queryStr, "q") ;
		 		 var p = om_parseQuery (queryStr, "start");
		 		 var s = om_parseQuery (queryStr, "site");

		 		// begin changes 060317 jgo 
		 		// change name of default_collection to "global_search"
		 		if (typeof s != "undefined"){
			 		if (s =="default_collection"){
			 			s = "global_search";
			 		}
		 		}
		 		// end changes 060317 jgo 
		 		
		 		 p = (p != "") ? ((parseInt(p)+10)/10) : 1;
		 		 
		 		 return (q != "") ? " | " + q.toLowerCase() + " | " + s + " | page " + p : "";

}


function _addSelectPageNameParam(pageName, paramName) {

// qs params we want to include get tacked on here
	var qsSeparator = "";

	var qs = window.location.search;
	qs = qs.substring(1); // skip over the ?

	if (pageName.indexOf('?') != -1){
		qsSeparator = '&';
	}
	else{
		qsSeparator = '?';
	}
	if (pageName.indexOf(paramName+'=') == -1){
		var paramValue = _getQueryStringFormatParamValue(qs,paramName);
		if (paramValue != ""){
			pageName = pageName + qsSeparator + paramName + "=" + paramValue;
		}		
	}
	return pageName;
}

function _addSelectPageNameParams(pageName) {
	var qs = window.location.search;
	if (qs != ''){
		var paramName = "";
	
		// keep the following params in the pageName
		paramName = 'WESPAGE';
		pageName = _addSelectPageNameParam(pageName, paramName);	
		
		paramName = 'mag';
		pageName = _addSelectPageNameParam(pageName, paramName);	

		paramName = 'cds_mag_code';
		pageName = _addSelectPageNameParam(pageName, paramName);	
	}

	return pageName;
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//	*** end generic function wrappers ***
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

//var ngs_furl="/animals/mammals/polar-bear.html";
//var ngs_reportsuite="natgeoglobal";
//var ngs_contentgroup=""; 
//var ngs_channel="";
//var ngs_event="";
//var ngs_pagenumber="0"; ?

var s_events="";

	_ngsInitializeEventsList();

if (typeof ngs_event != "undefined") { 
	_ngsAddToEventsList(ngs_event);
	//s_events = s_events + "," + ngs_event;
}

if (typeof ngs_furl != "undefined") { 
	s_pageName = ngs_furl; 
}

if (typeof ngs_reportsuite != "undefined") { 
	s_account = ngs_reportsuite; 
}

if (typeof ngs_contentgroup != "undefined") { 
	s_hier1 = ngs_contentgroup; 
}
else{
	// for variables we use in the omn custom code, make sure they have
	// some value so that are defined before they are used.
	// otherwise, we get a js error
	if (typeof s_hier1 == "undefined") {
		s_hier1="";
	}
}
//put the individual levels of the content group into separate sprops (5-9)
getSiteSections(s_hier1);


if (typeof ngs_channel != "undefined") { 
	s_channel = ngs_channel; 
}
else{
	// set this to same value as s_hier1
	// so can see the urls that fall under a particular group
	s_channel=s_hier1;
}

// end changes 070419 jgo

// to enable tracking on a test server, then
// set this variable in the html page:
// var ngsTrackingEnabled = 1;

var hostname = window.location.hostname;

var pathname = window.location.pathname;

	// furl value should override the pathname since it guarantees unique uri by including /site prefix
	if (typeof ngs_furl != "undefined") { 
		pathname = ngs_furl; 
	}

if (typeof ngsTrackingEnabled == "undefined") {

	if (checkStartOf(hostname,"teststats")) {
		var ngsTrackingEnabled = 1;
	}
	else if (checkStartOf(hostname,"test,testnetscape,testaolxxx,atoll,pebble,stone,rock,boulder,rapid,eddy")) { // comma-delimited list of testing servers
	
		var ngsTrackingEnabled = 0;
		//alert('tracking disabled');
	}
	else {
		var ngsTrackingEnabled = 1;
	}
}

// if s_pageName doesn't exist, create it based on the rules we have defined.
// rules include: hostname is rewritten to www.nationalgeographic.com if user
// is browsing a mirror (e.g., www.ngeo.com); trailing slash and index.htm/l
// are removed; a query string is stripped unless it's in a site where we want
// to track query strings.


if (typeof s_pageName == "undefined" || s_pageName == "") {
	
	if (checkStartOf(hostname,"www.nationalgeographic") == false) {
	
		// don't do the processor-intensive search unless we need to
		
		if (checkStartOf(hostname, "aol,nationalgeographic,netscape,ngeo,www.ngeo,www.nationalgeographic.org,nationalgeographic.org,ww.nationalgeographic,wwww.nationalgeographic,www.ngsociety,207.24.89.170")) { // comma-delimited list of mirrors
		
		// if we're on a mirror server, use the "www" pathname instead.
		hostname = "www.nationalgeographic.com";

		}
	
	}
	
// process the pathname that will eventually build the page name. 
// disabled google code since too many unique page names
// instead going to store search term in sprop/evar - 061201 jgo	
//	if (hostname.indexOf("google")>-1) {
	// if this is a google search, run through the special google function to define the pathname.
//	pathname = om_parseGoogle(window.location.search);
//	} else {
	
		if (checkStartOf(pathname,"/ngm,/pod,/cgi-bin/pod,/xpeditions,/forcesofnature,/genographic")) { // comma-delimited list of sites that have valuable information in the query string
			pathname += window.location.search;
		}
		else if (hostname.indexOf("everydayexplorers.")>-1) {
			pathname += window.location.search;
		}
		else if (((typeof s_account != "undefined") && 
						(s_account == "natgeojapan")) && (pathname.indexOf("/places")== 0)) {
			pathname += window.location.search;
		}			
			
		// process the pathname to strip trailing characters
		pathname = ngsProcessPathname(pathname);	
//	}
		
	// right now filter isn't changing value of pagename, just extracting data and setting evars/sprops
	// should consolidate above process pathname code into filter(s)
	_pageNameFilter(pathname);
	
	// build final s_pageName	
	// don't include domain for video (want to do for all subdomains?)
	if (hostname.indexOf("video") == 0){
		s_pageName = pathname;
	}
	else if (hostname.indexOf("kids.") == 0){
		s_pageName = "Kids:" + pathname;
	}
	else if (hostname.indexOf("channel.") == 0){
		s_pageName = "NGC:" + pathname;
	}	
	else if (hostname.indexOf("www.u23dmovie.") == 0){
		s_pageName = "U23D:" + pathname;
	}	
//	// don't include domain for specific report suites
	else if (	(typeof s_account != "undefined") && 
						((s_account == "natgeoadventuremagcom")||
						 (s_account == "natgeotravelermagcom")||
						 (s_account == "natgeoworldmusic")||
						 (s_account == "natgeonews")||
						 (s_account == "natgeopeopleplaces")||
						 (s_account == "natgeongmcom")||
						 (s_account == "natgeomapscom")||
						 (s_account == "natgeonavcom")||
						 (s_account == "natgeomissionpubcom")||
						 (s_account == "natgeomissiondevcom"))){
			s_pageName = pathname;
	}
	else{
		s_pageName = window.location.protocol + "//" + hostname + pathname;
	}
	
	s_pageName = _addSelectPageNameParams(s_pageName);
		
	// add stub if it exists
	if (typeof s_pageNameStub != "undefined") { s_pageName = s_pageName + "|" + s_pageNameStub; }

}

// Set global variables for flash tracking.
var s_originalPageName = s_pageName;
var s_originalHier1 = s_hier1;

var s_server = window.location.hostname;
var s_prop3=navigator.userAgent; 	// track browser/platform versions
var s_prop11 = s_pageName;				// s_prop11 is used for Top URLs

// props 5-7 copy to evars 35-37 - 080321 
s_eVar35 = s_prop5;
s_eVar36 = s_prop6;
s_eVar37 = s_prop7;
 

// For Flash version tracking 
var s_maxFlashVersion = 8;


// default to the global group if the var is not already set
if (typeof s_account == "undefined"){
	//s_account = "nationalgeopoc,natgeoglobal";
	s_account = "natgeoglobal,natgeonotags";
}
else if (s_account == "natgeongkidsmagcom"){
	// typo at omniture
	s_account = "natgeongkidsmagccom,natgeoglobal";
}
else if ((s_account == "ngcorporate")||
		 (s_account == "natgeojapan")||
		 (s_account == "natgeoschoolpublishing")||
		 (s_account == "natgeohamptonbrown")||
		 (s_account == "natgeohbedge")||
		 (s_account == "natgeoaol")||
		 (s_account == "natnatgeongsp")){		 	
	// don't add to global report suite
}
else if (s_account == "natgeoglobal"){
	// natgeonotags makes it easy to see pages without custom tags
	s_account = s_account + ",natgeonotags";
}
else{
	s_account = s_account + ",natgeoglobal";
}

// if we're on a preview server then use *just* the qa report suite
if (hostname.indexOf(".preview.")>-1) {
	s_account = "natgeoqa";
}

// if tracking is disabled, set the s_account to blank. This disables the omniture call.
// This should be placed just before the sitecatalyst code.
if (!ngsTrackingEnabled) s_account="";


/*** JS file vG9 Code ***/
// San Jose Data Center
/************************ ADDITIONAL FEATURES ************************
     Plugins
*/
/************************** CONFIG SECTION **************************/

/* You may add or alter any code config here.                       */
/* Variables (s_pageName, s_prop1, etc.) not prefixed with "s_" will not be used. */
var s_disableLegacyVars=true

/* E-commerce Config */
var s_currencyCode="USD"
var s_eVarCFG=""

/* Link Tracking Config */
var s_trackDownloadLinks=true
var s_trackExternalLinks=true
var s_trackInlineStats=true
var s_linkDownloadFileTypes="flv,fla,ram,asx,exe,zip,wav,mp3,mp4,mov,mpg,avi,wmv,doc,pdf,xls,jpg,scr,bin"

var s_linkInternalFilters="javascript:,nationalgeographic.com,nationalgeographic.org,customersvc,buysub,nationalgeographicchannel.com,national-geographic.com,nationalgeo.com,ngadventure.com,ngtraveler.com,ngdigitalmotion.com,ngtlibrary.com,ngchannel.com,nationalgeographicexpeditions.com,godgrewtiredofus.com,runningthesahara.com,arctictalemovie,ngtservice.com,pictopia.com,shopngvideos.com,thegreenguide.com,everydayexplorer.com,mywonderfulworld.com,mywonderfulworld.org,ngcwild.com,ngmapstore.com,ngmservice.com,ngschoolpub.org,ngsednet.org,ngsimages.com,buysub.com,ngs.org,209.16.232.90,realarcade.com,nationalgeographic.co.uk,u23dmovie.com,ngm.com,hippodude.com,xif.com,ngm.typepad.com,ngeo.com" 


var s_linkLeaveQueryString=false
var s_prop1=""; 

/* Plugin Config */
var s_usePlugins=true
function s_doPlugins() {

	/* Add calls to plugins here */
	
	s_vp_getCGI('s_campaign','source');			// External Campaigns.
	
	s_vp_getCGI('s_eVar1','intcmp');				// Internal campaigns
	s_eVar2=s_pageName; // s.eVar2=s_pageName ; //s.pagename -- populate eVar2 with pagename 
	s_eVar3=s_channel; 	// s.eVar3=s.channel; // populate eVar3 with channel 
	s_vp_getCGI('s_eVar4','EMAIL');	
	s_vp_getCGI('s_eVar5','Q'); 
	//s_vp_getCGI('s_eVar6','HP'); replaced by video player usage
	//s_vp_getCGI('s_eVar7','LT');	replaced by video player usage
	s_vp_getCGI('s_eVar11','cds_page_id');
	s_vp_getCGI('s_eVar12','cds_mag_code');
	s_vp_getCGI('s_eVar13','id');
	s_vp_getCGI('s_eVar14','lsid');
	s_vp_getCGI('s_eVar15','cds_misc_5');
	s_vp_getCGI('s_eVar18','NAV');	

	s_vp_getCGI('s_eVar19','widgets'); 
	s_vp_getCGI('s_eVar20','feed'); 

	s_vp_getCGI('s_eVar21','source'); //	s.eVar21=s.campaign;  populate eVar21 with any s.campaign value 
	s_vp_getCGI('s_eVar22','source'); // s.eVar22=s.campaign; populate eVar22 with any s.campaign value 	

	s_vp_getCGI('s_eVar26','REFERRER');
	s_vp_getCGI('s_eVar27','MSRSMAG');
	
	s_vp_getCGI('s_eVar23','ngc');

	s_vpr('s_prop1', s_vp_getNewRepeat());	// Return whether user is new or repeat	
	s_vp_getCGI('s_prop2','Q');
	s_vpr('s_prop4',s_vp_detectFlash());		// Flash detection
	s_prop10=document.title; // populate prop10 with title tag value 
	
	s_prop20 = s_eVar5; // 080808

}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//	*** begin vanilla omniture ***
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/************************** PLUGINS SECTION *************************/
/* You may insert any plugins you wish to use here.                 */

/*
 * Plugin: Flash Tracking
 */
function sendAnalyticsEvent(accnt){
accnt=accnt?accnt:s_account;void(s_gs(accnt))}

function sendLinkEvent(accnt,lnkname,type){
accnt=accnt?accnt:s_account;s_linkType=type?type:"o";s_lnk=true;
s_linkName=lnkname?lnkname:s_linkName?s_linkName:"Flash Link Event";
void(s_gs(accnt))}
/* 
 * Plugin: Flash Detection. 
 */ 
function s_vp_detectFlash() 
        {var fv=-1,dwi=0,mt=s_n.mimeTypes;if(s_pl&&s_pl.length){if(s_pl[ 
        "Shockwave Flash 2.0"]){fv=2}x=s_pl["Shockwave Flash"];if(x){fv=0;z= 
        x.description;if(z){fv=z.substring(16,z.indexOf('.'))}}}else if(mt&& 
        mt.length){x=mt['application/x-shockwave-flash'];if(x&& 
        x.enabledPlugin)fv=0}if(fv<=0)dwi=1;var w=s_u.indexOf("Win")!=-1?1:0 
        if(dwi&&s_isie&&w&&execScript){result=false;for(var i= 
        s_maxFlashVersion;i>=3&&result!=true;i--){execScript('on error res'+ 
        'ume next: result = IsObject(CreateObject("ShockwaveFlash.Shockwav'+ 
        'eFlash.'+i+'"))','VBScript');fv=i}}return fv==-1?'flash not detec'+ 
        'ted':fv==0?'flash enabled (no version)':'flash '+fv} 
        
/*
 * Plugin: Get Plugin Modified Value
 */
function s_vp_getValue(vs)
	{var k=vs.substring(0,2)=='s_'?vs.substring(2):vs;return s_wd[
	's_vpm_'+k]?s_wd['s_vpv_'+k]:s_gg(k)}
/*
 * Plugin: Get Query String CGI Variable Value
 */
function s_vp_getCGI(vs,k)
	{var v='';if(k&&s_wd.location.search){var q=s_wd.location.search,
	qq=q.indexOf('?');q=qq<0?q:q.substring(qq+1);v=s_pt(q,'&',s_cgif,
	k.toLowerCase())}s_vpr(vs,v)}function s_cgif(t,k){if(t){var te=
	t.indexOf('='),sk=te<0?t:t.substring(0,te),sv=te<0?'True':
	t.substring(te+1);if(sk.toLowerCase()==k)return s_epa(sv)}
	return ''}
/*
 * Plugin: Get Value From Cookie
 */
function s_vp_getCookie(vs,k)
	{s_vpr(vs,s_c_r(k))}
/*
 * Plugin: Store value in variable history and get last value
 */
function s_vp_setAndGetLastValue(vs,v)
	{var l=s_vh_gl(vs);if(!s_vh_s(vs,v))l='';s_vpr(vs,l)}
/*
 * Plugin: Set variable to value only once per time priod:
 *         (Min, Hour, Day, Month, Year)
 *         in the specified timezone (hour offset from GMT)
 */
function s_vp_setOncePer(vs,v,period,tzOffs)
	{if(v){var n=s_dt(tzOffs,0),t,st=s_vh_gt(vs,v);st=st?st:0;if(
	!s_vh_s(vs,v))v='';else if(st){t=s_dt(tzOffs,st);var min=(
	n.getMinutes()==t.getMinutes()),hour=(n.getHours()==t.getHours()
	),day=(n.getDate()==t.getDate()),mon=(n.getMonth()==t.getMonth()
	),year=(n.getYear()==t.getYear());if(period=='Ever'||(year&&((
	period=='Year')||(mon&&((period=='Month')||(day&&((period=='Day'
	)||(hour&&((period=='Hour')||(min&&period=='Min')))))))))){v=''}}
	}s_vpr(vs,v)}
/*
 * Plugin: Dynamically Generate Page Name Based On Current URL
 */
function s_vp_getPageName()
	{	
	var pn=(window.s_siteID&&(""+s_siteID).length>0)?""+s_siteID:
	'',l=location,dp=(window.s_defaultPage)?""+s_defaultPage:'',e=
	(window.s_pathExcludeDelim)?s_pathExcludeDelim:'',cs=(window.
	s_pathConcatDelim)?s_pathConcatDelim:'',q=l.search.substring(1),
	p=l.pathname.substring(1),x=p.indexOf(e);p=((x<0)?p:p.substring(0,
	x)).split("/");for(j=0;j<p.length;j++){if(p[j].length>0){if(pn.
	length>0)pn+=cs;pn+=p[j]}else{if(dp.length>0){if(pn.length>0)pn+=
	cs;pn+=dp}}}if(q.length>0){if(window.s_queryVarsList){var qpa=new 
	Array(),qv=s_queryVarsList.split(","),qp=q.split("&"),tmp,idx;for
	(i=0;i<qp.length;i++){tmp=qp[i].split("=");qpa[i]=tmp[0]}for(i=0;
	i<qv.length;i++){idx=s_inArray(qpa,qv[i]);if(idx>=0){if(pn.length
	>0)pn+=cs;pn+=qp[idx]}}}}return pn}
	
// begin changes 051219 jgo	
/* 
 * Plugin: getNewRepeat 1.0 - Return whether user is new or repeat 
 */ 
function  s_vp_getNewRepeat()
{var e=new  Date(),cval,ct=e.getTime(),y=e.getYear();
e.setTime(ct+30*24*60*60*1000);cval=s_c_r('s_nr');if(cval.length==0){s_c_w('s_nr',ct,e);
return  'New';}if(cval.length!=0&&ct-cval<30*60*1000){
s_c_w('s_nr',ct,e);return  'New';}if(cval<1123916400001){
e.setTime(cval+30*24*60*60*1000);s_c_w('s_nr',ct,e);return 'Repeat';}
else  return 'Repeat';}
// end changes 051219 jgo
	
/*
 * Plugin Utilities v2.0 (Required For All Plugins)
 */
function s_vpr(vs,v){if(s_wd[vs])s_wd[vs]=s_wd[vs];else s_wd[vs]=''
if(vs.substring(0,2) == 's_')vs=vs.substring(2);s_wd['s_vpv_'+vs]=v
s_wd['s_vpm_'+vs]=1}function s_dt(tz,t){var d=new Date;if(t)d.setTime(
t);d=new Date(d.getTime()+(d.getTimezoneOffset()*60*1000))
return new Date(Math.floor(d.getTime()+(tz*60*60*1000)))}
function s_vh_gt(k,v){var vh='|'+s_c_r('s_vh_'+k),vi=vh.indexOf('|'+v
+'='),ti=vi<0?vi:vi+2+v.length,pi=vh.indexOf('|',ti),t=ti<0?'':
vh.substring(ti,pi<0?vh.length:pi);return t}function s_vh_gl(k){var
vh=s_c_r('s_vh_'+k),e=vh?vh.indexOf('='):0;return vh?(vh.substring(0,
e?e:vh.length)):''}function s_vh_s(k,v){if(k&&v){var e=new Date,st=
e.getTime(),y=e.getYear(),c='s_vh_'+k,vh='|'+s_c_r(c)+'|',t=s_vh_gt(k,
v);e.setYear((y<1900?y+1900:y)+5);if(t)vh=s_rep(vh,'|'+v+'='+t+'|','|'
);if(vh.substring(0,1)=='|')vh=vh.substring(1);if(vh.substring(
vh.length-1,vh.length)=='|')vh=vh.substring(0,vh.length-1);vh=v
+'=[PCC]'+(vh?'|'+vh:'');s_c_w(c,vh,e);if(s_vh_gt(k,v)!='[PCC]')
return 0;vh=s_rep(vh,'[PCC]',st);s_c_w(c,vh,e)}return 1}

/************* DO NOT ALTER ANYTHING BELOW THIS LINE ! **************/
var s_linkType,s_linkName,s_objectID,s_un,s_ios=0,s_q='',s_code='',
code='',s_bcr=0,s_lnk='',s_eo='',s_vb,s_pl,s_tfs=0,s_etfs=0,s_wd=
window,s_d=s_wd.document,s_ssl=(s_wd.location.protocol.toLowerCase(
).indexOf('https')>=0),s_n=navigator,s_u=s_n.userAgent,s_apn=
s_n.appName,s_v=s_n.appVersion,s_apv,s_i,s_ie=s_v.indexOf('MSIE '),
s_ns6=s_u.indexOf('Netscape6/');if(s_v.indexOf('Opera')>=0||
s_u.indexOf('Opera')>=0)s_apn='Opera';var s_isie=(s_apn==
'Microsoft Internet Explorer'),s_isns=(s_apn=='Netscape'),s_isopera=(
s_apn=='Opera'),s_ismac=(s_u.indexOf('Mac')>=0);if(s_ie>0){s_apv=
parseInt(s_i=s_v.substring(s_ie+5));if(s_apv>3)s_apv=parseFloat(s_i)}
else if(s_ns6>0)s_apv=parseFloat(s_u.substring(s_ns6+10));else s_apv=
parseFloat(s_v);function s_fl(s,l){return s?(s+'').substring(0,l):s}
function s_co(o){if(!o)return o;var n=new Object,x;for(x in o)if(
x.indexOf("select")<0&&x.indexOf("filter")<0)n[x]=o[x];return n}
function s_num(x){var s=x.toString(),g='0123456789',p,d
for(p=0;p<s.length;p++){d=s.substring(p,p+1);if(g.indexOf(d)<0)
return 0}return 1}function s_rep(s,o,n){var i=s.indexOf(o),l=n.length>
0?n.length:1;while(s&&i>=0){s=s.substring(0,i)+n+s.substring(i
+o.length);i=s.indexOf(o,i+l)}return s}function s_ape(s){return s?
s_rep(escape(''+s),'+','%2B'):s}function s_epa(s){return s?unescape(
s_rep(''+s,'+',' ')):s}function s_pt(s,d,f,a){var t=s,x=0,y,r;while(t)
{y=t.indexOf(d);y=y<0?t.length:y;t=t.substring(0,y);r=f(t,a);if(r)
return r;x+=y+d.length;t=s.substring(x,s.length);t=x<s.length?t:''}
return ''}function s_isf(t,a){if(t.substring(0,2)=='s_')t=t.substring(
2);return (t!=''&&t==a)}function s_fsf(t,a){if(s_pt(a,',',s_isf,t))
s_fsg+=(s_fsg!=''?',':'')+t;return 0}var s_fsg;function s_fs(s,f){
s_fsg='';s_pt(s,',',s_fsf,f);return s_fsg}var s_c_d=''
function s_c_gdf(t,a){if(!s_num(t))return 1;return 0}function s_c_gd()
{var d=s_wd.location.hostname,n=s_gg('cookieDomainPeriods'),p;if(d&&
!s_c_d){n=n?parseInt(n):2;n=n>2?n:2;p=d.lastIndexOf('.');while(p>=0&&
n>1){p=d.lastIndexOf('.',p-1);n--}s_c_d=p>0&&s_pt(d,'.',s_c_gdf,0)?
d.substring(p):''}return s_c_d}function s_c_r(k){k=s_ape(k);var c=' '
+s_d.cookie,s=c.indexOf(' '+k+'='),e=s<0?s:c.indexOf(';',s),v=s<0?'':
s_epa(c.substring(s+2+k.length,e<0?c.length:e));return v!='[[B]]'?v:''
}function s_c_w(k,v,e){var d=s_c_gd(),l=s_gg('cookieLifetime'),s;v=''
+v;l=l?(''+l).toUpperCase():'';if(e&&l!='SESSION'&&l!='NONE'){s=(v!=
''?parseInt(l?l:0):-60);if(s){e=new Date;e.setTime(e.getTime()+(s*1000
))}}if(k&&l!='NONE'){s_d.cookie=k+'='+s_ape(v!=''?v:'[[B]]')+'; '
+'path=/;'+(e&&l!='SESSION'?' expires='+e.toGMTString()+';':'')+(d?
' domain='+d+';':'');return s_c_r(k)==v}return 0}function s_cet(f,a,
et,oe,fb){var r,d=0
/*@cc_on@if(@_jscript_version>=5){try{return f(a)}catch(e){return et(e)}d=1}@end@*/
if(!d){if(s_ismac&&s_u.indexOf('MSIE 4')>=0)return fb(a);else{
s_wd.s_oe=s_wd.onerror;s_wd.onerror=oe;r=f(a);s_wd.onerror=s_wd.s_oe
return r}}}function s_gtfset(e){return s_tfs}function s_gtfsoe(e){
s_wd.onerror=s_wd.s_oe;s_etfs=1;var code=s_gs(s_un);if(code)s_d.write(
code);s_etfs=0;return true}function s_gtfsfb(a){return s_wd}
function s_gtfsf(w){var p=w.parent,l=w.location;s_tfs=w;if(p&&
p.location!=l&&p.location.host==l.host){s_tfs=p;return s_gtfsf(s_tfs)}
return s_tfs}function s_gtfs(){if(!s_tfs){s_tfs=s_wd;if(!s_etfs)s_tfs=
s_cet(s_gtfsf,s_tfs,s_gtfset,s_gtfsoe,s_gtfsfb)}return s_tfs}
function s_ca(un){un=un.toLowerCase();var ci=un.indexOf(','),fun=ci<0?
un:un.substring(0,ci),imn='s_i_'+fun;if(s_d.images&&s_apv>=3&&
!s_isopera&&(s_ns6<0||s_apv>=6.1)){s_ios=1;if(!s_d.images[imn]&&(
!s_isns||(s_apv<4||s_apv>=5))){s_d.write('<im'+'g name="'+imn
+'" height=1 width=1 border=0 alt="">');if(!s_d.images[imn])s_ios=0}}}
function s_it(un){s_ca(un)}function s_mr(un,sess,q,ta){un=
un.toLowerCase();var ci=un.indexOf(','),fun=ci<0?un:un.substring(0,ci
),unc=s_rep(fun,'_','-'),imn='s_i_'+fun,ns=s_gg('visitorNamespace'),
im,b,e,rs='http'+(s_ssl?'s':''
)+'://'+(ns?ns:(s_ssl?'102':unc))+'.112.2O7.net/b/ss/'+un+'/1/G.9-Pd-R/'
+sess+'?[AQB]&ndh=1'+(q?q:'')+(s_q?s_q:'')+'&[AQE]';if(s_ios){im=s_wd[
imn]?s_wd[imn]:s_d.images[imn];if(!im)im=s_wd[imn]=new Image;im.src=rs
if(rs.indexOf('&pe=')>=0&&(!ta||ta=='_self'||ta=='_top'||(s_wd.name&&
ta==s_wd.name))){b=e=new Date;while(e.getTime()-b.getTime()<500)e=
new Date}return ''}return '<im'+'g sr'+'c="'+rs
+'" width=1 height=1 border=0 alt="">'}function s_gg(v){var g='s_'+v
return s_wd[g]||s_wd.s_disableLegacyVars?s_wd[g]:s_wd[v]}var s_qav=''
function s_havf(t,a){var b=t.substring(0,4),s=t.substring(4),n=
parseInt(s),k='s_g_'+t,m='s_vpm_'+t,q=t,v=s_gg('linkTrackVars'),e=
s_gg('linkTrackEvents');if(!s_wd['s_'+t])s_wd['s_'+t]='';s_wd[k]=s_wd[
m]?s_wd['s_vpv_'+t]:s_gg(t);if(s_lnk||s_eo){v=v?v+',pageName,pageURL,'
+'referrer,charSet,visitorNamespace,cookieDomainPeriods,cookieLifetim'
+'e,currencyCode,purchaseID':'';if(v&&!s_pt(v,',',s_isf,t))s_wd[k]=''
if(t=='events'&&e)s_wd[k]=s_fs(s_wd[k],e)}s_wd[m]=0;if(t=='pageURL')q=
'g';else if(t=='referrer')q='r';else if(t=='charSet')q='ce';else if(
t=='visitorNamespace')q='ns';else if(t=='cookieDomainPeriods')q='cdp'
else if(t=='cookieLifetime')q='cl';else if(t=='currencyCode')q='cc'
else if(t=='channel')q='ch';else if(t=='campaign')q='v0';else if(
s_num(s)){if(b=='prop')q='c'+n;else if(b=='eVar')q='v'+n;else if(b==
'hier'){q='h'+n;s_wd[k]=s_fl(s_wd[k],255)}}if(s_wd[k]&&t!='linkName'&&
t!='linkType')s_qav+='&'+q+'='+s_ape(s_wd[k]);return ''}
function s_hav(){var n,av='charSet,visitorNamespace,cookieDomainPerio'
+'ds,cookieLifetime,pageName,pageURL,referrer,channel,server,pageType'
+',campaign,state,zip,events,products,currencyCode,purchaseID,linkNam'
+'e,linkType';for(n=1;n<51;n++)av+=',prop'+n+',eVar'+n+',hier'+n
s_qav='';s_pt(av,',',s_havf,0);return s_qav}function s_lnf(t,h){t=t?
t.toLowerCase():'';h=h?h.toLowerCase():'';var te=t.indexOf('=');if(t&&
te>0&&h.indexOf(t.substring(te+1))>=0)return t.substring(0,te)
return ''}function s_ln(h){if (s_gg('linkNames'))return s_pt(s_gg(
'linkNames'),',',s_lnf,h);return ''}function s_ltdf(t,h){t=t?
t.toLowerCase():'';h=h?h.toLowerCase():'';var qi=h.indexOf('?');h=qi>=
0?h.substring(0,qi):h;if(t&&h.substring(h.length-(t.length+1))=='.'+t)
return 1;return 0}function s_ltef(t,h){t=t?t.toLowerCase():'';h=h?
h.toLowerCase():'';if(t&&h.indexOf(t)>=0)return 1;return 0}
function s_lt(h){var lft=s_gg('linkDownloadFileTypes'),lef=s_gg(
'linkExternalFilters'),lif=s_gg('linkInternalFilters')?s_gg(
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		<td width="65%"><a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/index.html"><img src="/images/printer_friendly_news_logo.gif" alt="National Geographic News: NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COM/NEWS" border="0" height="43" width="397"></a></td>
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			<h1>Tight Arms Linked to Bigger Black Holes in Galaxies</h1>
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			<b>Anne Minard<br>for <a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com">National Geographic News</a><br></b>
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			<b>June 2, 2008</b>
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			Images from the Hubble Space Telescope have revealed an important relationship between supermassive black holes and spiral galaxies: The more massive the <a href="http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/universe/black-holes-article.html">black hole</a>, the tighter the host galaxy's arms.<br><br>"This means that to determine the mass of a supermassive black hole, you only need an image of a galaxy," said Marc Seigar of the University of Arkansas at Little Rock.<br><br>Within the past decade astronomers have determined that almost every <a href="http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/universe/galaxies-article.html">galaxy</a> has a black hole lurking at its center that can range from ten thousand times to a billion times the mass of the sun.<br><br>Astronomers usually measure a supermassive black hole based on how fast stars are swirling around itтАФthe faster the stars' orbits, the more massive an object must be present.<br><br>But that method only works for relatively nearby galaxies where individual stars can be observed, said Seigar, who announced the find today at the 212th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in St. Louis, Missouri. <br><br>For more distant galaxies, astronomers have been searching for a different techniqueтАФand looking at the positions of spiral arms could be a solution, based on comparisons of 27 spiral galaxies near enough to size up their black holes.<br><br>Using Hubble pictures, Seigar and colleagues found that galaxies with smaller black holes had angles of up to 43 degrees between the arms and the central bulge, while galaxies that harbored enormous black holes had arms at angles of about 7 degrees to their centers.<br><br>"The real significance of this is that it is relatively easy to detect spiral structure in galaxies, even out to distances of eight billion light-years," Seigar said. "So we can estimate the masses of very distant black holes now and determine how black holes grow over time."<br><br><b>Messy Structures</b><br><br>New Hubble images are also helping astronomers study the tumultuous events that give rise to starburst and quasar galaxies.<br><br>Mike Brotherton at the University of Wyoming said the pictures provide support for a leading theory of galaxy evolution: "that galaxy interactions and mergers are a key step."<br><br>Galactic mergers are believed to trigger "starburst" periods of stellar birth, although dust and debris can shroud the new <a href="http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/universe/stars-article.html">stars</a> from view. <br><br>And if the interaction fuels the combined galaxy's supermassive black hole, it can produce a halo of matter called a quasar.<br><br>The quasar will blow out debris, clearing a view to the newborn stars. But often by that time the stars have become too faint to outshine the powerful quasar.<br><br>Brotherton and his team found an object in the late 1990s that possessed the spectral signatures of both a quasar and an older starburst. <br><br>Hubble captured images of the rare object and showed that it was the remnant of a galaxy merger. <br><br>The researchers have since used Hubble to follow up on 29 candidate quasars identified by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.<br><br>"The images started coming in, and we were blown away," Brotherton said.<br><br>"We see not only merger remnants тАж but also post-starburst quasars with interacting companion galaxies, double nuclei, starbursting rings, and all sorts of messy structures."<br><br>(Related <a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/photogalleries/galaxies-pictures/">pictures: "'Toothbrush,' 'Firefly' Among Galactic Smashups"</a> [April 24, 2008].)<br><br><b>Star Lab</b><br><br>Conference presenter M├йd├йric Boquien, an astronomer at the University of Massachusetts, added that debris from galaxy collisions can be used as a laboratory to study the process of star formation. <br><br>Boquien's team has been using the Spitzer Space Telescope, Galaxy Evolution Explorer, and eight ground-based telescope to peer at six interacting galaxy systems.<br><br>All of the systems are within 375 million light-years of Earth.<br><br>In each of the interacting galaxies, up to 85 percent of star formation takes place in the collision debris between galaxies instead of inside the parent galaxies themselves. <br><br>"The best regions to study star formation would be those completely devoid of old stars, and we were able to find some regions which satisfy this criteria," Boquien said. <br><br>Such areas are generally quite isolated, unlike the star-forming regions inside galaxies, which can be surrounded by many bright astronomical objects. <br><br>"As star formation apparently occurs in a similar way in galaxies, results we obtain studying intergalactic star-forming regions can be confidently extended to galaxies."		</td>
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	<tbody><tr> <td> ┬й 1996-2008 National Geographic Society.  All rights reserved. </td> </tr>
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